Which of the following represents hazards for an immobilized elderly patient in bed?

• A. Increased appetite
• B. Weight gain
• C. Reduced risk of thromboembolism
• D. Bone loss, osteoporosis, increased fractures, ischemia, nutritional needs, and cardiac issues

Answer: (D)

When a patient is immobilized, the body undergoes several changes that create multiple hazards for an older adult. Lack of movement leads to bone demineralization and loss of bone mass, increasing osteoporosis and the risk of fractures from even minor stresses. Prolonged pressure and reduced perfusion can cause tissue ischemia, contributing to pressure injuries and compromised skin integrity. Immobility also disrupts nutrition and metabolism, heightening the risk of malnutrition and the need for careful nutritional support to maintain energy, protein, and micronutrients. Over time, deconditioning and cardiovascular strain from not moving around can worsen cardiac function and complicate overall health. Together, these factors capture the broad range of dangers in this scenario.

Note that increased appetite or weight gain are not typical hazards of immobility in this context, and the risk of thromboembolism is actually increased with immobility, not reduced.